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Ivani Greppi and I have been writing a series of articles on the rise of African diaspora religions in America today and their influence on American society. The religions discussed in the articles include SanteriaPalo Mayombe, and Haitian Voodoo. All of these religions originate from the Ifá divination system of Yorubaland in West Africa. The focus of this article will be on Santeria as “the gay religion” as argued by Raven Morgaine in his 2021 book Yemaya: Orisha, Goddess, and Queen of the Sea. The same deities (orishas) worshiped in Ifá are also worshiped in Santeria. Yemeya, the major water spirit from the Yoruba religion,  is often depicted as a mermaid in Santeria to symbolize her deep connection to the river and the sea. And sadly, the mermaid has become a prominent archetype for the transgender, and thus the drag queen community.

Introduction

According to Ivani Greppi,

Santería, also known as La Regla Lukumí or Regla de Ocha, an Afro-Caribbean spiritual practice from Cuba and practiced all over the world, arrived in the US via Cuban immigrants. Similar to Haitian Voodoo, Brazilian Candomblé, Umbanda, and Quimbanda, Santería is a syncretic belief system between West African Yoruba religion, Roman Catholicism, and Spiritism. Spirit deities known in Spanish as Orichas (Orishas in Yoruban), which are associated with Roman Catholic Saints, are worshiped. Olodumare is the supreme creator god of Santería.1Greppi, Ivanni. 2025. Review of Santeria, Animal Sacrifice, and the Constitution – Part 1Midwest Christian Outreach Inc. (blog). January 23, 2025

According to Wikipedia,

[Yemaya] is the major water spirit from the Yoruba religion. She is the mother of all Orishas [goddesses]. She is also the mother of humanity. She is an orisha, in this case patron spirit of rivers, particularly the Ogun River in Nigeria, and oceans in Cuban and Brazilian orisa religions. She is often syncretized with either Our Lady of Regla in the Afro-Cuban diaspora or various other Virgin Mary figures of the Catholic Church, a practice that emerged during the era of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade.2Wikipedia Contributors. 2021. “Yemọja.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. April 2, 202

While in Berlin, Maryland a few weeks ago, I picked up Morgaine’s book while visiting The Mermaid Museum. According to the book jacket, he is a practitioner of Candomblé, New Orleans Voodoo, Santeria, and witchcraft. He has dedicated his life and work to the service of the great mother goddess, Yemaya, and is the owner of the Familiar Spirits shop in Coventry, Rhode Island, where he creates and sells the spirit altar dolls for which he is renowned. Within his book Morgaine states,

[Santeria] has often been referred to as “the gay religion,”. . . [and] is widely considered to be the most accepting of its LGBTQ members. Because of this acceptance, the visibility of these devotees is not compromised, something that is not true in Palo, where gays cannot be initiated by priests of the religion—allegedly, at least. I personally know gay initiates. Candomblé is another tradition with a large queer following.3Morgaine, Raven. 2021. Yemaya. Weiser Books. Pg. 30-31

While most of Yemaya’s aspects [avatars] are decidedly female, Olokun [one of Yemaya’s avatars] is usually seen as either very masculine or androgynous, whichever he chooses to be. In our new world of non-binary gender roles and heteroflexibility, the relationship between Yemaya and Olokun becomes a beacon for these marginalized members of the community.4Morgaine, Raven. 2021. Yemaya. Weiser Books. Pg. 29

It is true that the gay male culture can be hyper-masculine; but it is also true that it can be intensely feminine. I think this is evident in the soaring popularity of the art of drag. I know more than one drag queen who embodies the spirit of Yemaya, and some who have even performed in her image (tastefully). And every drag queen has dressed as a mermaid at least once. I can’t even guess the number of super-masculine muscle-gays who throw on a harness and fishtail and become the image of Olokun (even if they don’t realize it), and how many hirsute gay men belonging to the Bear community strap on a clamshell bra, red wig, and mermaid tail and go full-on Ariel, belting out the lyrics to “Part of Your World.”5Morgaine, Raven. 2021. Yemaya. Weiser Books. Pg. 34

On July 7, 2023 Morgaine posted a picture of himself dressed up in a mermaid tail on his Instagram page. I have known for a while that mermaids are not the sweet little creatures depicted by Disney, but are most likely demons Satan is using to deceive people. But I am greatly saddened to hear that the mermaid also serves as a prominent archetype for the transgender experience, reflecting themes of body-mind dissonance, transition, and the search for acceptance. Trans and queer individuals have long found resonance with merfolk, seeing their journey as a powerful allegory for their own lives and identity exploration.

Drag Queen Mermaids

Drag queen mermaids are a popular drag concept; in fact, the iconic Disney villain Ursula from The Little Mermaid was inspired by the drag queen Divine. This theme is also often seen in RuPaul’s Drag Race runways, and sadly, drag queen story hours at your local library. One of the most popular books at drag queen story hours is Julian is a Mermaid by Jessica Love. Drag queen story hours, featuring this book, are also available online. For instance, the Queer Kid Stuff YouTube channel, which has more than thirty thousand followers, featured Julian is a Mermaid on their June 22, 2019 episode, which has almost one hundred and thirty thousand views! 

Julian is a Mermaid was awarded the Stonewall Book Award and the Klaus Flugge Prize in 2019.6Wikipedia Contributors. 2021. “Julian is a Mermaid.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. September 13, 2021 It is also considered a teacher’s pick on Amazon.com. Wikipedia summarizes the book this way:

One day, while on the subway with his grandma, Julián sees some of the participants of the Coney Island Mermaid Parade. Julián becomes fascinated by them and starts dreaming of becoming a mermaid swimming in the sea.

Back home, while his grandmother is showering, Julián fashions himself a mermaid outfit with a variety of materials he finds at home, including a potted plant and window curtains. After leaving the bath, his grandmother gives what seems a disapproving look and leaves for a while, just to return with a smile on her face and a pearl necklace for Julián.

His grandmother then takes him to the parade, where he gets to walk with all the other mermaids.7Wikipedia Contributors. 2021. “Julian is a Mermaid.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. September 13, 2021

Also, according to Wikipedia,

[Jessica] Love’s initial plan was to have Julián meet with drag queens on their way to a drag ball, inspired by RuPaul’s Drag Race, but in an interview with PinkNews, she said she changed the characters to mermaids, as her research uncovered the mythical creature’s significance to transgender people: “There’s something about mermaids. Who knows if that’s because they’re magical creatures who can live between two realities or because they don’t have any genitals.”8Wikipedia Contributors. 2021. “Julian is a Mermaid.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. September 13, 2021

The PinkNews article also states,

The mythical creatures [mermaids] have become symbolic to transgender people and their allies: they are depicted with nothing below their waists but a tail, while the Disney film The Little Mermaid has a main character who wants to change form—echoing the feelings of some trans people. Such is the affinity between the two that the British trans children’s charity, Mermaids, derives its name from the beings.

Conclusion

Santeria, like Voodoo, syncretizes its religion to Catholicism and its saints. Morgaine states, “some Christian beliefs can be seen as associated with Yemaya through sacred figures like the Blessed Mother, the Stella Maris (“Star of the Sea,” a title also associated with Isis), or Our Lady of Regla, the Black Madonna with whom Yemaya is often identified.”9Morgaine, Raven. 2021. Yemaya. Weiser Books. pg. xiii But is this true? Can or should Christians ever embrace Santeria?

In addition to her role as the patron saint of rivers,

Yemaya reigns over all magic, and is often called on for help with psychic work, moon magic, fertility spells, healing, finances, and the making of potions.10Morgaine, Raven. 2021. Yemaya. Weiser Books. Pg. 37

She [also] brought the power of procreation into the world, becoming the patroness of pregnant woman and their children, both born and unborn.11Morgaine, Raven. 2021. Yemaya. Weiser Books. Pg. x

Yemaya’s Egyptian counterpart is the goddess Isis,12Morgaine, Raven. 2021. Yemaya. Weiser Books. Pg. xi who is the goddess of the Nile, health and disease, and protector of children. Isis was one of the false gods attacked by the first, sixth, and tenth plagues of Egypt. The first plague turned the Nile to blood (Ex 7:14-25), the sixth plague was boils (Ex 9:8-17), and the tenth was the death of the firstborn males (Ex 11- 13).13“What Was the Meaning and Purpose of the Ten Plagues of Egypt?” n.d. GotQuestions.org. https://www.gotquestions.org/ten-plagues-Egypt.html How can Christians embrace Santeria and Yemaya when God made it clear that the ancient Egyptian religion and Isis were never to be worshipped or equated with Yahweh? Does scripture not say “Salvation is found in no other name but Jesus (Acts 4:12)? Why would any Christian want to embrace Santeria when Yemaya is clearly inferior?Ω

Stephanie Potts and her husband, Jim live in Dayton, Ohio, and have been married for 24 years. She worked with the federal government for 15 years as an intelligence analyst and then entered full-time Christian service in 2015. She first joined Haven Ministries in Denver, Colorado, in 2015 and then transferred to Midwest Christian Outreach, Inc in 2021. She received her Bachelor’s degree from Florida State University in Political Science and International Relations and received her Master’s degree in Geographic Information Systems from Penn State University. She is currently working towards her master’s degree in Christian Apologetics through Southern Evangelical Seminary. She has special interests in indigenous religions – especially Native American spirituality – and in responding to Catholicism, and the social justice movement. Stephanie’s personal website: rainbowapologetics.com

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